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Thanks to The Tuning Fork!

The conversation around phosphate imported from the disputed area of the Western Sahara continues. After having spoken to one of the two companies who are the last two companies in the western world that continue to trade with Morocco (listen here to Ballance Agri-Nutrients who were the only company that agreed to a phone interview - Lillian is continuing to source information from Ravensdown), Lillian was intent on understanding the legal implications of this. 

Kamal Fadel, who is based in Australia, is a spokesperson for Polisario Front - Western Sahara’s independence movement. Kamal had stated last week the group was looking into legal action against the companies in New Zealand. Lillian reached out to Kamal over Twitter to see if she could speak with him about this and it turned out he was in New Zealand for the next couple of days. Kamal had actually been part of organising Tecber’s talking tour, who we heard from for Part I of this series, and they had taken the rare opportunity of having someone from the Western Sahara visiting New Zealand to meet with government officials and attend conferences. When Lillian contacted Kamal, he was speaking at an event for the NZ Institute of International Affairs the following day. Lillian went along to the talk last minute and managed to introduce herself there - Kamal then agreed to come into the bFM studios for a discussion. They ended up discussing the legality of Morocco's invasion and continued occupation, the rights that exist for non-self-governing territories, and why there are plenty of good reasons for the NZ companies to stop being involved in the trading of 'stolen goods'. First up, Lillian asked what Polisario Front is.

NOTES:

-Forbes List 'King of Rock' reference

-CSPB research to halt the import of Western Saharan phosphate:

"CSBP also completed design work and started fabrication of a regenerative thermal oxidiser that will broaden supply options for the superphosphate manufacturing operation at Kwinana and help reduce dependence on phosphate rock from Western Sahara." Pg. 47

"The two other Australian importers of phosphate from Western Sahara, Wesfarmers (through its subsidiary CSBP) and Impact Fertilisers, divested from the region in 2009 and 2012, respectively."

-Nauru example given by Kamal explanation:

"Nauruans’ experiences of a resource curse from mining phosphate stands, as a case study of retarded development. Nauru was much adulated in the press in the early 20th century as an example of a small island that became wealthy through mining. The high grade phosphate that covered four fifths of the island was considered by outsiders as a very lucrative resource that had to be mined, particularly as fertilizer to enhance the pastures of Australia and New Zealand. The development of Nauru has been misinterpreted by attributions of wealth to Nauruans when most of the profits from mining accrued to the mining agencies. Sales of phosphate yielded far greater development to Australian agriculture than to Nauruan owners of the resource. Meanwhile the small island surface of Nauru underwent gradual destruction of its interior retarding any developments, economic or humanitarian."

This is Part III in a series, you can listen to the others here:

Part I

Part II

Part IIII

Photo credit: The Economist

Lillian Hanly is looking into the importing of what has been called 'blood phospate' from Western Sahara, occupied by Morocco. There have been three parts broadcast already, the fourth focuses on Home Solutions. That report interviews Kay Baxter from the Koanga Institute and Clare Bradley from Agrisea. Firstly, to recap a little:

Around 170,000 Saharawi people were forced out of their own land when Morocco invaded in 1975, today they live as refugees separated by a constructed wall and littered with mines. Western Sahara is rich in resources, and it is understood Morocco is taking advantage of this. One particular resource that is being mined without the consent of the Saharawi people is phosphate. Two of the three remaining companies in the world to buy this disputed phosphate from Morocco are NZ companies. Australia, Canada, America - all have pulled out of this trade in the hope that the referendum, called for in 1991, can take place. So the Saharawi people can choose their independece. in Part IIII we hear from two different people in Aotearoa with solutions as to how we could use less phosphate - and therefore not rely on a trade that extracts the resource from a country where human rights abuses are taking place.

Kay Baxter is from the Koanga Institute. They have long worked to save heritage food plants, including vegetable seeds and fruit trees as well as being leading practitioners, researchers and teachers of bio-intensive gardening and nutrient dense food production. Now, they are also encouraging a shift to 'regenerative' farming, rather than 'degenerative' - a process which requires major nourishment of soil through fertiliser products. You can find some simple explainers on regeneration here. Kay indicates that pastoral farming has had a huge effect on the way the eco system is connected, leading to poor soil health.

Clare Bradley is the research co-ordinator at Agrisea, a company that works with seaweed to provide nutrients to the agriculture sector. When Lillian first contacted Agrisea, Clare said "farmers in NZ are being oversold Phosphorous products, in-fact over 50% of NZ Dairy Farms tested are over the “target range” for Olsen P (a measurement of plant available P)". So, in actual fact, we might not even need to be important that much phosphate? One of the reasons given by one of the NZ companies that does so was that NZ requires so much phosphate it is harder to source it from places other than Morocco/ Western Sahara - because theirs is the largest supply in the world. Lillian wanted to understand how seaweed could act as a supplement, as well as what other benefits seaweed brings to the world. 

Both Kay and Clare disagree with the sourcing of phosphate from Morocco, but also see the solutions to our ever worsening environmental and climate issues in more research, and the understanding of how our ecology worked before the links were broken. Lillian spoke with both of them to understand the movement that is very much occuring of its own accord to shift away from this reliance on phosphate. 

This is Clare's full interview. 

To find the other parts in the series, you can listen to them here:

Part I

Part II

Part III

Lillian Hanly is looking into the importing of what has been called 'blood phospate' from Western Sahara, occupied by Morocco. There have been three parts broadcast already, this is the fourth. So, to recap a little:

Around 170,000 Saharawi people were forced out of their own land when Morocco invaded in 1975, today they live as refugees separated by a constructed wall and littered with mines. Western Sahara is rich in resources, and it is understood Morocco is taking advantage of this. One particular resource that is being mined without the consent of the Saharawi people is phosphate. Two of the three remaining companies in the world to buy this disputed phosphate from Morocco are NZ companies. Australia, Canada, America - all have pulled out of this trade in the hope that the referendum, called for in 1991, can take place. So the Saharawi people can choose their independece. In Part IIII we hear from two different people in Aotearoa with solutions as to how we could use less phosphate - and therefore not rely on a trade that extracts the resource from a country where human rights abuses are taking place.

Kay Baxter is from the Koanga Institute. They have long worked to save heritage food plants, including vegetable seeds and fruit trees as well as being leading practitioners, researchers and teachers of bio-intensive gardening and nutrient dense food production. Now, they are also encouraging a shift to 'regenerative' farming, rather than 'degenerative' - a process which requires major nourishment of soil through fertiliser products. You can find some simple explainers on regeneration here. Kay indicates that pastoral farming has had a huge effect on the way the eco system is connected, leading to poor soil health.

Clare Bradley is the research co-ordinator at Agrisea, a company that works with seaweed to provide nutrients to the agriculture sector. When Lillian first contacted Agrisea, Clare said "farmers in NZ are being oversold Phosphorous products, in-fact over 50% of NZ Dairy Farms tested are over the “target range” for Olsen P (a measurement of plant available P)". So, in actual fact, we might not even need to be important that much phosphate? One of the reasons given by one of the NZ companies that does so was that NZ requires so much phosphate it is harder to source it from places other than Morocco/ Western Sahara - because theirs is the largest supply in the world. Lillian wanted to understand how seaweed could act as a supplement, as well as what other benefits seaweed brings to the world. 

Both Kay and Clare disagree with the sourcing of phosphate from Morocco, but also see the solutions to our ever worsening environmental and climate issues in more research, and the understanding of how our ecology worked before the links were broken. Lillian spoke with both of them to understand the movement that is very much occuring of its own accord to shift away from this reliance on phosphate. 

This is Part IIII in a series, you can listen to the others here:

Part I

Part II

Part III

Photo credit: Medium